Functionally it may be divided into genes. Each gene is a sequence within the nucleic acid that represents a single protein. Each of the discrete nucleic acid molecules comprising the genome may contain a large number of genes. In this chapter, we analyze the properties of the gene in terms of its basic molecular construction.
Figure 1. The basic behavior of the gene was defined by Mendel more than a century ago. A gene may exist in alternative forms. These forms are called alleles. In diploid organisms, which have two sets of chromosomes, one copy of each chromosome is inherited from each parent. This is the same behavior that is displayed by genes. One of the two copies of each gene is the paternal allele inherited from the father , the other is the maternal allele inherited from the mother.
The equivalence led to the discovery that chromosomes in fact carry the genes. Each chromosome consists of a linear array of genes. Each gene resides at a particular location on the chromosome.
This is more formally called a genetic locus. We can then define the alleles of this gene as the different forms that are found at this locus. The key to understanding the organization of genes into chromosomes was the discovery of genetic linkage.
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